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Langland, William

(b. c. 1330--d. c. 1400), presumed author of one of the greatest examples of Middle English alliterative poetry, generally known as Piers Plowman, an allegorical work with a complex variety of religious themes. One of the major achievements of Piers Plowman is that it translates the language and conceptions of the cloister into symbols and images that could be understood by the layman. In general, the language of the poem is simple and colloquial, but some of the author's imagery is powerful and direct.

There were originally thought to be three versions of Piers Plowman: the A version of the text, which was the earliest, followed by the B and C versions that consisted of revisions and further amplifications of the major themes of A. In recent years, however, a fourth version, called Z, has been suggested and the order of issue questioned. The version described here is from the B text, which consists of (1) a prologue and seven passus (divisions) concerned primarily with the life of man in society, the dangers of Meed (love of gain), and manifestations of the seven capital sins; and (2) 13 passus ostensibly dealing with the lives of Do-wel, Do-bet, and Do-best; in effect, with the growth of the individual Christian in self-knowledge, grace, and charity.

In its general structure the poem mirrors the complexity of the themes with which it deals, particularly in the recurring concepts of Do-wel, Do-bet, and Do-best, all in the end seen as embodied in Christ. They are usually identified with the active, contemplative, and "mixed" religious life, but the allegory of the poem is often susceptible to more than one interpretation, and some critics have related it to the traditional exegetical way of interpreting the Scriptures historically, allegorically, anagogically, and topologically.

Little is known of Langland's life: he is thought to have been born somewhere in the region of the Malvern Hills, in Worcestershire, and if he is to be identified with the "dreamer" of the poem, he may have been educated at the Benedictine school in Great Malvern. References in the poem suggest that he knew London and Westminster as well as Shropshire, and he may have been a cleric in minor orders in London.

Langland clearly had a deep knowledge of medieval theology and was fully committed to all the implications of Christian doctrine. He was interested in the asceticism of St. Bernard of Clairvaux, and his comments on the defects of churchmen and the religious in his day are nonetheless concomitant with his orthodoxy.

Related Internet Links William Langland (ca. 1330-1387) Guide to information about this medieval writer. Includes links to a biography, several versions of his major text Piers Plowman, a listserv, and a home page. The Sin of Cain's Seed: The Bastards, the Friars, and the Sodomites in Langland's Piers Plowman Chapter Two of Cain, Nimrod, and the Erotics of Wandering in Late-Medieval Narrative, dissertation by Lawrence Warner, 1997. The William Langland Home Page Guide to information about Langland and his text Piers Plowman. Includes links to versions of the text, scholarship, reviews of books about Langland or his works, and details about the Middle Ages. Creating an Electronic Archive of Piers Plowman Archive of textual versions of William Langland's Piers Plowman. Includes information about electronic publishing of Medieval documents. The vision of Piers Plowman Related Spectrum Categories Medieval literature Poetry Fable, parable, allegory, and related forms

To cite this page: "Langland, William" Britannica Online. <http://www.eb.com:180/cgi-bin/g?DocF=micro/337/89.html> [Accessed 04 March 1998].

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