Receives word May 2 that Congress has given long-awaited permission to come home and has appointed Jefferson his successor as minister plenipotentiary to France. Describes invention of bifocal glasses May 23. Signs treaty with Prussia July 9, embodying idealistic views on neutrality, privateering, and exemption of private property from capture at sea. Leaves Passy July 12; because bladder stone makes coach travel painful, is furnished with one of Queen Marie Antoinette's litters, borne by Spanish mules. Sails from Havre July 22, arrives at Southampton, England, July 24, and is visited by son William (with whom he reconciled the previous year), Bishop and Mrs. Shipley and daughter Catherine, and by other friends. Sails July 28 for Philadelphia. On voyage, writes "Maritime Observations," containing notes on best form of rigging to improve swiftness of vessels; further observations on course, velocity, and temperature of Gulf Stream; and design of sea anchor for holding ship in wind during rough weather. Lands at Philadelphia September 14, met by cannon salutes, pealing bells, and cheering crowds. Elected to Supreme Executive Council of Pennsylvania for three-year term, October 11; elected its president October 18, and unanimously reelected the next two years. Donates salary to charity.